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ScienceDaily: Mind & Brain News |
| Brief period of ‘blindness’ is essential for vision Posted: 02 Dec 2021 10:24 AM PST Vision scientists have uncovered new information about the role of tiny 'fixational' eye movements in enabling us to see clearly. |
| Language used by researchers to describe human populations has evolved over the last 70 years Posted: 02 Dec 2021 09:30 AM PST Researchers have found that the words that scientists use to describe human populations -- such as race, ancestry, and ethnicity -- significantly changed from 1949 to 2018. Such changes and their timing, along with new descriptors for certain population groups, may be linked to structural racism, social trends, and how people view social constructs such as race. |
| Two-photon microscope provides unprecedented brain-imaging ability Posted: 02 Dec 2021 09:30 AM PST Advancing our understanding of the human brain will require new insights into how neural circuitry works in mammals, including laboratory mice. These investigations require monitoring brain activity with a microscope that provides resolution high enough to see individual neurons and their neighbors. |
| Strategies to improve sales of imperfect carrots Posted: 02 Dec 2021 08:34 AM PST Explaining the value of misshapen vegetables -- that they are as healthful as their picture-perfect counterparts and buying them helps reduce food waste -- could help improve sales of 'ugly' produce, new research suggests. |
| Studies of children’s stories shows differences in Russian, US approaches to emotion Posted: 02 Dec 2021 08:34 AM PST Recent research of parents in Russia and the United States, as well as children's literature in both countries, highlights how cultural differences in socializing emotions begin before children even start attending school. Specifically, the research found that Russian parents are more likely than U.S. parents to read stories to their children that feature negative emotions, such as fear, anger and sadness. |
| Which role models are best for STEM? Researchers offer recommendations in new analysis Posted: 01 Dec 2021 05:39 PM PST An analysis of the effect role models have on students' motivation in studying STEM subjects points to new ways to deploy these leaders in order to encourage learning across different populations. |
| Posted: 01 Dec 2021 05:39 PM PST A group of immune cells that normally protect against inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract may have the opposite effect in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other brain inflammation-related conditions, according to a new study. The results suggest that countering the activity of these cells could be a new therapeutic approach for such conditions. |
| Compound shows promise for minimizing erratic movements in Parkinson’s patients Posted: 01 Dec 2021 12:01 PM PST A new study has identified a promising drug candidate to minimize uncontrolled, erratic muscle movements, called dyskinesia, associated with Parkinson's disease. |
| Targeting the brain’s immune cells may help prevent or treat Alzheimer’s disease Posted: 01 Dec 2021 11:53 AM PST A gene mutation linked to Alzheimer's disease alters a signaling pathway in certain immune cells of individuals with the disease, according to a new study. The team also found that blocking the pathway -- with a drug that's currently being tested in cancer clinical trials -- protects against many features of the condition in a preclinical model. The results could lead to new strategies to block the development of Alzheimer's disease or slow its progression. |
| Unorthodox 'exercise in a pill' could offer simple solution for at-risk patients Posted: 01 Dec 2021 08:19 AM PST Unique molecular signals in the body sent to our brain and potentially our eyes immediately after we exercise could be key to helping scientists 'bottle up' the benefits of exercise in a pill for at-risk patients. |
| Posted: 01 Dec 2021 08:19 AM PST A secondary analysis of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (Fragile Families) found a bi-directional relationship where a mother's mental health symptoms impacted the child's mental health symptoms and vice versa, according to researchers. |
| Coffee time: Caffeine improves reaction to moving targets Posted: 01 Dec 2021 05:51 AM PST In the first study of its kind to explore caffeine's effects on dynamic visual skills, researchers concluded that caffeine increases alertness and detection accuracy for moving targets. Caffeine also improved participants' reaction times. |
| Posted: 01 Dec 2021 05:51 AM PST As cannabis is legalized in more areas, it has become increasingly popular as a medicinal and recreational drug. This plant produces a pungent, skunk-like odor that is pleasing to some but repulsive to others. Now, researchers have discovered a new family of prenylated volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) that give cannabis its characteristic skunky aroma. The findings open up opportunities to investigate the molecules for medicinal benefits, the researchers say. |
| MRI reveals altered brain structure in fetuses exposed to alcohol Posted: 01 Dec 2021 05:51 AM PST In the first MRI-based study to investigate pre-natal alcohol exposure, researchers found significant changes in the brain structure of fetuses exposed to alcohol compared to healthy controls. |
| In children with multiple sclerosis, teriflunomide tempers lesion growth Posted: 30 Nov 2021 02:40 PM PST A phase 3 clinical trial tested the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide, an oral immunomodulatory drug, in children with multiple sclerosis. Although the medication did not prevent disease relapses to a greater extent than placebo, the option for some patients to switch from placebo to teriflunomide before the end of the trial likely biased the results against treatment efficacy. The drug appeared to reduce the number of new or enlarged lesions that are detected through MRI. |
| Altered DNA repair and DNA damage in neurodegenerative conditions Posted: 30 Nov 2021 02:39 PM PST Researchers have confirmed a link between altered DNA repair and increased DNA damage associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7), a debilitating, sometimes deadly neurodegenerative condition causing movement disorders. Their work also revealed a potential therapeutic target for the currently incurable and difficult to treat condition. |
| Successful treatment in mice for severe childhood cancer Posted: 30 Nov 2021 08:25 AM PST In mice with high-risk neuroblastoma, tumors disappeared in response to a new combination treatment with precision medicines, a recent study shows. This is a vital step toward a potentially curative treatment for a form of cancer affecting young children that is currently difficult to treat. |
| Cell types of the iris in mice Posted: 30 Nov 2021 07:14 AM PST Researchers report they have genetically mapped the cell types that make up the mouse iris -- the thin disc of pigmented tissue that, in humans, gives eyes their distinct colors. |
| Potential new treatment for Alzheimer’s disease would be relatively cheap Posted: 30 Nov 2021 07:12 AM PST Researchers have discovered a protein involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Studies in mice showed that eliminating this protein entirely or using drugs to block its function reduced physical changes in the brain associated with the disease and improved memory. Drug therapy that aims to block the protein's activity could be a more effective treatment than what is currently available, as well as being cheaper. |
| Researchers model circadian clock neurons in a day-active animal Posted: 30 Nov 2021 05:42 AM PST It's no secret that jet lag and night-shift work can wreak havoc on the way our body's internal clock syncs up our daily wake-sleep cycle, known as circadian rhythm, but now researchers say they are a step closer to understanding how the brain creates behavioral rhythms optimized for diurnal, rather than nocturnal, life. |
| Rates of type 2 diabetes are higher in people with one of various common psychiatric disorders Posted: 29 Nov 2021 06:28 PM PST A new study finds that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is elevated in people with a psychiatric disorder compared with the general population. |
| Artificial intelligence that understands object relationships Posted: 29 Nov 2021 12:51 PM PST Researchers developed a machine learning model that understands the underlying relationships between objects in a scene and can generate accurate images of scenes from text descriptions. |
| De-cluttering may not help people with dementia Posted: 29 Nov 2021 12:50 PM PST A clutter-free environment may not help people with dementia carry out daily tasks -- according to a new study. Researchers studied whether people with dementia were better able to carry out tasks, such as making a cup of tea, at home - surrounded by their usual clutter - or in a clutter-free environment. They were surprised to find that participants with moderate dementia performed better when surrounded by their usual clutter. |
| Which side is which? How the brain perceives borders Posted: 29 Nov 2021 12:50 PM PST Researchers have made headway into understanding how the brain decides which side of a visual border is a foreground object and which is background. The research has sheds light on how areas of the brain communicate to interpret sensory information and build a picture of the world around us. |
| Which glioblastoma patients will respond to immunotherapy? Posted: 29 Nov 2021 12:50 PM PST Scientists have discovered a new biomarker to identify which patients with brain tumors called glioblastomas -- the most common and malignant of primary brain tumors -- might benefit from immunotherapy. The treatment could extend survival for an estimated 20% to 30% of patients. Currently, patients with glioblastoma do not receive this life-prolonging treatment because it has not been fully understood which of them could benefit. |
| Sick and tired: Research reveals toll of poor sleep among health care workers Posted: 29 Nov 2021 09:28 AM PST New studies quantify the effect of the COVID pandemic on health care workers' sleep patterns and the potential damaging consequences of sleep disturbance on their mental health. |
| Scientists discover potential cause of Alzheimer’s Disease Posted: 29 Nov 2021 07:56 AM PST In people with brain buildups, a key but difficult-to-detect difference in the form of tau protein allows scientists to distinguish people showing no outward signs of dementia from those who do. |
| Study reveals a protein’s key contribution to heterogeneity of neurons Posted: 29 Nov 2021 07:56 AM PST Tomosyn's tight regulation of neurotransmitter release distinguishes functions of two neuron classes at the fly neuromuscular junction, incluiding their ability to engage in a form of plasticity |
| Breakthrough in understanding motor neuron disease Posted: 29 Nov 2021 07:55 AM PST Researchers have made a major discovery in understanding motor neuron disease (MND). The research team has found that MND has 4 distinct patterns of changes in electrical signals that can be identified using EEG (electroencephalography). |
| Study finds brain lesions on MRI linked to years of playing football Posted: 24 Nov 2021 02:21 PM PST Certain markers of injury to the brain's white matter, called white matter hyperintensities, can be seen on brain scans. A new study finds that brain scans taken during the lifetimes of athletes in contact sports, compared to changes in their brains at autopsy, showed that white matter hyperintensities were associated with neuropathological changes. |
| Unveiling the hidden cellular logistics of memory storage in neurons Posted: 24 Nov 2021 02:21 PM PST Exploring the mechanisms involved in sleep-dependent memory storage, a team of cellular biologists found that RNAs associated with an understudied cell compartment in hippocampal neurons vary greatly between sleeping and sleep-deprived mice after learning. |
| Researchers find new link between a disrupted body clock and inflammatory diseases Posted: 24 Nov 2021 12:40 PM PST New research has demonstrated the significant role that an irregular body clock plays in driving inflammation in the body's immune cells, with implications for the most serious and prevalent diseases in humans. |
| Biomedical engineers find neural activity during rest is highly organized Posted: 24 Nov 2021 12:39 PM PST When mice rest, individual neurons fire in seconds-long, coordinated cascades, triggering activity across the brain, according to new research. Previously, this was thought to be a relatively random process -- single neurons firing spontaneously at random times without external stimulation. |
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