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ScienceDaily: Matter & Energy News |
| Discovery unravels how atomic vibrations emerge in nanomaterials Posted: 04 Feb 2022 11:52 AM PST A hundred years of physics tells us that collective atomic vibrations, called phonons, can behave like particles or waves. When they hit an interface between two materials, they can bounce off like a tennis ball. If the materials are thin and repeating, as in a superlattice, the phonons can jump between successive materials. Now there is definitive, experimental proof that at the nanoscale, the notion of multiple thin materials with distinct vibrations no longer holds. If the materials are thin, their atoms arrange identically, so that their vibrations are similar and present everywhere. Such structural and vibrational coherency opens new avenues in materials design, which will lead to more energy efficient, low-power devices, novel material solutions to recycle and convert waste heat to electricity, and new ways to manipulate light with heat for advanced computing to power 6G wireless communication. |
| Making metal–halide perovskites useful in planar devices through a new hybrid structure Posted: 04 Feb 2022 10:09 AM PST Two of the main drawbacks of using tin (Sn)-based metal halide perovskites (MHPs) in thin-film transistors have been simultaneously solved by an innovative hybrid 2D/3D structure. New findings will help unlock the potential of environmentally benign Sn-based MHPs in CMOS technology, paving the way for flexible and printable electronic devices. |
| Researchers resurrect and improve a technique for detecting transistor defects Posted: 04 Feb 2022 08:33 AM PST Researchers have revived and improved a once-reliable technique to identify and count defects in transistors, the building blocks of modern electronic devices such as smartphones and computers. |
| Posted: 04 Feb 2022 06:31 AM PST An 8% increase in summer air conditioning demand can be expected in the U.S. when the global average temperature exceeds 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This climate driven increase is likely to cause prolonged blackouts during peak summer heat if states do not expand capacity or improve efficiency, according to a new study of household-level demand. |
| Liquid metals, surface patterns, and the romance of the three kingdoms Posted: 04 Feb 2022 06:31 AM PST Diverging and converging patterns forming on the surface of solidifying liquid metals resemble plotlines in a complex historical novel, in a new international study. The cyclic patterns observed are rare, and had not been observed in solidification structures prior to this. Better understanding and control of fundamental phase transitions and pattern formation could see future liquid metal applications in plasmonic sensing and high-efficiency electronics and optics. |
| Do bikeshare systems complement or replace public transit? Posted: 03 Feb 2022 03:52 PM PST Bikeshare systems have come a long way since they were first introduced in the Netherlands in the 1960s. They are popular in cities around the world, but how do bike systems affect existing public transportation? |
| Scientists profile FDA-approved drugs to potentially treat hundreds of genetic disorders Posted: 03 Feb 2022 01:12 PM PST Nonsense-mediated RNA decay, or NMD, is an evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanism in which potentially defective messenger RNAs, or mRNAs, are degraded. Its disruption can lead to neurological disorders, immune diseases, cancers, and other pathologies. A team of biomedical scientists has designed a simple and robust method to determine the effects of drugs on NMD. The researchers profiled all current Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs to identify NMD modulators, which could potentially help treat hundreds of disorders associated with NMD. |
| Researchers develop new approach to discover pervasive ‘forever’ chemicals known as PFAS Posted: 03 Feb 2022 01:12 PM PST A team of researchers is using one of the most powerful chemical analysis tools in the world to unravel the complexities of PFAS. They are working to characterize and catalog the thousands upon thousands of chemical compounds in the PFAS family, so future studies can find solutions to health and environmental impacts. |
| How to get chloride ions into the cell Posted: 03 Feb 2022 01:11 PM PST A molecular movie has captured in detail the process of an anion transported across the cell membrane by a light-fuelled protein pump. Researchers have unravelled the mystery of how light energy initiates the pumping process -- and how nature made sure there is no anion leakage back outside. |
| Massive methane emissions by oil and gas industry detected from space Posted: 03 Feb 2022 01:11 PM PST For the first time ever on a global scale, using satellite imagery, scientists have quantified volumes of massive methane emissions due to fossil-fuel extraction activities and their impact on the climate. Their findings partly explain why official inventories generally underestimate the volume of these emissions. Stopping these releases, be they accidental or deliberate, would save those countries responsible billions of dollars. |
| Fuel cells and game-changing tech to remove 99% of carbon dioxide from air Posted: 03 Feb 2022 01:11 PM PST Engineers have demonstrated a way to effectively capture 99% of carbon dioxide from air using a novel electrochemical system powered by hydrogen. |
| The brain’s secret to life-long learning can now come as hardware for artificial intelligence Posted: 03 Feb 2022 01:05 PM PST As companies use more and more data to improve how AI recognizes images, learns languages and carries out other complex tasks, a recent article shows a way that computer chips could dynamically rewire themselves to take in new data like the brain does, helping AI to keep learning over time. |
| Observation of quantum transport at room temperature in a 2.8-nanometer CNT transistor Posted: 03 Feb 2022 09:30 AM PST A research team has developed an in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique that can be used to precisely manipulate individual molecular structures. Using this technique, the team succeeded in fabricating carbon nanotube (CNT) intramolecular transistors by locally altering the CNT's helical structure, thereby making a portion of it to undergo a metal-to-semiconductor transition in a controlled manner. |
| Future of winter: Low emissions vital to slow warming Posted: 03 Feb 2022 09:29 AM PST Winters are warming faster than summers in North America, impacting everything from ecosystems to the economy. Global climate models indicate that this trend will continue in future winters but there is a level of uncertainty around the magnitude of warming. Researchers focused on the role of carbon dioxide emissions in this equation -- looking at the effects of both high and low levels of carbon dioxide emissions on future climate warming scenarios -- and found that a reduction in emissions could preserve almost three weeks of snow cover and below freezing temperatures. |
| New polymer fuel cells can operate at higher temperatures Posted: 03 Feb 2022 09:29 AM PST A new high-temperature polymer fuel cell that operates at 80-160 degrees Celsius, with a higher-rated power density than state-of-the-art fuel cells, solves the longstanding problem of overheating, one of the most significant technical barriers to using medium-and heavy-duty fuel cells in transportation vehicles such as trucks and buses. |
| An insulin patch that sticks inside a person’s cheek Posted: 03 Feb 2022 07:30 AM PST Managing blood sugar levels requires round-the-clock attention for people diagnosed with diabetes. A more healthful diet and increased physical activity can help, but many with the condition also need to take regular shots of insulin -- the primary hormone that regulates sugar. To deliver this drug in a less invasive way, researchers now report a prototype insulin-loaded patch that comfortably sticks to the inside of a person's cheek. |
| Scientists test promising biosensor aimed for use in brain Posted: 03 Feb 2022 05:36 AM PST Scientists have successfully tested in the lab a tiny biosensor they developed that can detect biomarkers tied to traumatic brain injuries. |
| Balancing sustainability, safety and comfort in engineered floor slabs Posted: 02 Feb 2022 01:59 PM PST Using less material in floors is a viable strategy for improving sustainability in buildings, as it can reduce the structure's environmental footprint. Prioritizing only this goal, however, can lead to unwanted effects -- such as an echo in a room or noise traveling between floors, according to architectural engineers. |
| Remote sensing technology reduces urban air pollution Posted: 02 Feb 2022 11:31 AM PST Implementing roadside technology to detect high-emitting vehicles improves urban air quality. |
| Shocked zircon find a 'one-off gift' from Mars Posted: 02 Feb 2022 11:30 AM PST Researchers studying a Martian meteorite have found the first evidence of high-intensity damage caused by asteroid impact, in findings that have implications for understanding when conditions suitable for life may have existed on early Mars. |
| Assessing and optimizing the quality of sensor networks Posted: 02 Feb 2022 08:18 AM PST When building sensor networks, it can be extremely challenging for researchers to determine how the sensors should be arranged to obtain optimal results. New research proposes a new way to quantify the quality of sensor networks, and uses this method to suggest improvements to existing Dark Matter experiments. |
| The puzzle of the 'lost' angular momentum Posted: 02 Feb 2022 08:17 AM PST A research team succeeds in solving a decade-old physical puzzle: the question of the fate of angular momentum during the ultrafast demagnetization of nickel crystals by laser light. |
| CRISPR-Cas9 can generate unexpected, heritable mutations Posted: 02 Feb 2022 05:03 AM PST CRISPR-Cas9, the 'genetic scissors', creates new potential for curing diseases; but treatments must be reliable. In a new study, researchers have discovered that the method can give rise to unforeseen changes in DNA that can be inherited by the next generation. These scientists therefore urge caution and meticulous validation before using CRISPR-Cas9 for medical purposes. |
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