HOW TO THINK ABOUT IT

A hero’s welcome. Leading the Zimbabwean African National Union (ZANU-PF) in the 1970s — following his release from a 10-year prison sentence for resisting minority White-run Rhodesia — Mugabe rose to prominence as an anti-colonial folk hero. That helped the bookish intellectual win the newly independent country’s first-ever election in 1980, after which he set about promoting education for Blacks and building medical clinics. Throughout his several decades in power, Mugabe urged other African nations to follow his example and rally against neocolonialism.

Descent into dictatorship ... By the early 1980s, Mugabe was already dispatching North Korean-trained troops to put down a rebellion by a former ally, which eventually led to the ethnic cleansing of up to 20,000 Ndebele civilians. Throughout his tenure, he’d often use violence against political opponents — a tactic some say he never relinquished from his earliest days as a nationalist revolutionary — as well as a system of patronage to rule.

...and economic decay. But most painful for ordinary citizens was Mugabe’s disastrous land reform program: Starting in 2000, he snatched away White-owned farms in a move that ultimately tanked the economy, turning Zimbabwe from the so-called breadbasket of Africa into a financially crippled nation dependent on foreign aid. Unprecedented hyperinflation ensued, and prices jumped more than 79,000,000,000 percent — a legacy that’s still felt today.

What in the world? The global response to Mugabe’s death has been mixed. While African leaders, such as the presidents of Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa hailed him as a champion of the Pan-African cause, others were less effusive. British Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s spokesperson, for instance, expressed condolences but called Mugabe “a barrier to a better future.” Russia, China and India hailed his contributions to bilateral relations. Mugabe, of course, frequently accused the West of trying to sabotage Zimbabwe’s economy.

The times are-a changin’. If Mugabe’s ouster marked the end of a long, dark chapter, his death is the end of an era. Long-serving autocrats elsewhere across Africa are slowly succumbing to social movements against dictatorship. Following two decades in power, ailing Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika finally resigned in April amid rolling protests. Sudan’s Omar al-Bashir went out with slightly more fanfare — toppled by the military as his country descended into political violence he helped inflame. Among those still clinging to power is Cameroon’s 86-year-old Paul Biya, who has led the country since 1982 but remained absent for long stretches, letting a secessionist conflict fester while spending lavishly in Switzerland (somewhat fitting for Africa’s highest-paid leader).

WHAT TO READ

Mugabe Is Dead, But He Has Plenty of Imitators by Leonid Bershidsky in Bloomberg
“His life story is a warning to all well-meaning authoritarians and the nations willing to tolerate them – a warning that appears to be going unheeded.”

Zimbabwe’s Dollar Crisis Rages, Even With Its Dictator Gone by Tatira Zwinoira on OZY
“Between November 2017, when Mnangagwa took office, and December 2018, 55 registered companies shut down, 10 percent higher than the 49 that closed shop over a similar period at the end of the Mugabe era.”

WHAT TO WATCH