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Image by United Soybean Board Some Rights Reserved.
Japanese Institutions, including the Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences of NARO, the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science and the National Institute for Environmental Studies, released on August 28, 2017, a prediction of global stagnation of crop yields in response to climate change, drawn from their collaborative study to project the impact of climate change on world wide yield growth of major crops (maize, rice, wheat, and soybean).
They projected the impact of climate change on the yields of major crops in each area of the world expressed on a high-resolution image of 50 kilometer-mesh density using numerical models translating physiological and ecological growing processes of crops into numerical expressions. On presuming crop yields, they considered technological improvements that should gain popularity in developing countries as their economies develop, such as fertilization management and use of high yielding varieties, as well as measures that can be easily taken, like shifting sowing dates.
The study found that the yield increase of maize and soybean at the end of this century will stagnate, even if the global mean temperature rise at the end of this century is less than 1.8C from pre-industrial levels; the higher the temperature rises the lower the yield increases. On the other hand, the yield increases for rice and wheat will not be markedly influenced while the temperature rise is under 3.2C, but will start to stagnate when the temperature rise exceeds 3.2C.
In order to meet the increasing world food-demand, we have to maintain yield increases under future climate change. The results suggest that it is necessary to further diffuse the advanced technology currently available to farmers in developing countries to maintain yield increases. In addition, it suggests that there is a need to accelerate the development and diffusion of more aggressive adaptation technology, such as high-temperature resistant varieties and irrigation and drainage facilities.
Policy / Systems / Technology
Image by nguyentuanhung.
Professor Yoshinori Hiroi and colleagues of Kyoto University's Kokoro Research Center proposed on Sept. 5, 2017, the types of policies needed for Japan's sustainable future. Their work was accomplished with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology developed by the Hitachi Kyoto University Laboratory, a joint research division for exploring future societal issues. The use of AI technology was part of a joint research initiative for integrating humanities and sciences, identifying societal factors, and the timing for implementing policies.
Kyoto University proposed to utilize AI technology in some parts of the policy recommendation process towards Japan's sustainable future. Japan is experiencing a paradigm shift as a result of the decreasing birthrate and aging population and a change in industry structure, moving from growth and expansion to a post-growth era (non-growth and non-expansion). The significant social challenges Japan faces are sustainability of (1) population and birth rates, (2) public finance and social security, (3) cities and regions, and (4) environment and resources. In addition, there are challenges with (5) stable employment, (6) regional disparities, (7) happiness, and (8) maintaining and promoting the well-being of people who live in Japan. Japan needs to design and implement well-timed strategic policies to tackle these challenges, but human experts are constrained in the number of future scenarios they are able to create and evaluate.
For these proposed policies, the team first built a model of causal relationships involving 149 societal factors based on the eight challenges mentioned above. Then, by conducting an AI simulation, they estimated approximately 20,000 future scenarios over the course of 35 years (2018 to 2052) and grouped them into 23 representative scenarios.
The researchers discovered that the scenarios diverged in two different directions, so they made an effort to determine the timing and sequence of divergence, and identified the factors driving the divergence. Their analysis provided the basis for experts to make the following three observations about attaining a sustainable future.
Scenarios toward the year 2050 fall in either one of two directions: urban concentration and regional decentralization. In the urban concentration scenario, businesses in urban areas drive technological innovation and further accelerate the concentration of populations into the big cities, while local regions deteriorate. Conversely, the decentralization scenario leads to population dispersal to local areas, a recovery of birth rates, and a shrinking of regional disparities, plus longer, healthier lives and increased happiness for individuals.Kyoto University intends to work with research institutes within and outside of the university and with public institutions to promote these proposals as guidelines leading to healthy and happy lives for the populace, and hopes that these proposals will be utilized in decision making affecting social policies.
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