| | The NATO and EU Summits
Two summits in the past week have brutally exposed the EU's predicament. Without the US, the EU cannot defend itself - and will not be able to do so for years to come. The European NATO states therefore had almost no option but to curry favour with the US President, Donald Trump, which NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte did, with remarkable alacrity. Like it or not, Trump has the Europeans right where he wants them. NATO countries have promised to spend five percent of their gross domestic product on defence in future but the US is still unlikely to be a reliable partner for the Europeans.
The EU summit also highlighted the structural shortcomings of the EU as a geopolitical player. Slovakian Prime Minister Fico opposed the new sanctions package against Russia, Hungarian Prime Minister Orban blocked a declaration on Ukraine's accession to the EU and Spanish Prime Minister Sanchez wanted to suspend the partnership agreement between the EU and Israel due to Israel's actions in Gaza.
Despite the genuine desire, in these tough times, to bolster the EU’s geopolitical position, it is a long road to European sovereignty. And if there's one thing the EU doesn't have, it's time.
As always, we wish you an interesting read.
Yours,
Henning Vöpel |
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| | | | NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte flattered US President Donald Trump at the NATO summit. |
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| | | | Latest EU Proposals in Focus |
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| | Digitalisation | New Technologies |
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| EU Quantum Strategy: Europe Plans the Quantum Future
On 2 July 2025, Finnish Commissioner Henna Virkkunen will present the Commission’s long-awaited EU Quantum Strategy. The strategy is based on a previous Consultation and aims to consolidate Europe's position as a leader in quantum technology and strengthen the Union's strategic autonomy in this critical field of the future. Specifically, the aim is to promote quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum sensor technology by way of better coordinated investments, new research partnerships and an adapted regulatory framework. The strategy aims both to strengthen the industrial competitiveness of European quantum technology companies and to promote the integration of quantum solutions into critical infrastructure such as cybersecurity, financial services and healthcare. In addition, the Commission is to plan the establishment of a so-called secure quantum communication network between Member States and the creation of quantum excellence centres for the training of highly qualified specialists. |
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| | | | | | | EU 2040 Climate Target
On 2 July, the Commission intends to present its long-awaited and already highly controversial legislative proposal to set an EU climate target for 2040. By introducing the European Climate Law, the EU has committed itself to reducing its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to net zero by 2050 (climate neutrality) and to reducing them by 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 (EU 2030 climate target, "Fit for 55"). In February 2024, the then Commission President, Ursula von der Leyen, who was subsequently re-elected in July 2024, recommended, as an interim target for 2040, a 90% reduction in EU GHG emissions compared to 1990 [see cepInput 6/2025]. Although the Commission is expected to propose a 90% GHG reduction for the EU 2040 climate target, it has now become apparent that a certain percentage of this GHG reduction may also be realised through the financing of climate protection projects in third countries. An EU 2040 climate target like this will require further ambitious climate protection measures in all economic sectors in the period after 2030 as well as a corresponding adaptation or further development of the entire European climate and energy legislation - which is currently only designed to cover the period up to 2030 as part of the Fit for 55 legislation under the European Green Deal. |
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| | | | | | | Chemical Industry: EU Action Plan and Legal Simplification
On 8 July, the Commission will present an EU action plan for the chemical industry and a legislative proposal to simplify EU chemicals law (Omnibus VI, Part 1). The main instrument of the EU chemicals policy is the Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals [(EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH Regulation)]. Part 1 of the Omnibus VI package is expected to entail simplifications and adaptations of the CLP Regulation on the classification, labelling and packaging of chemicals [(EC) No. 1272/2008], of the CPR Regulation on cosmetic products [(EC) No. 1223/2009] and of the Fertiliser Products Regulation [(EU) 2019/1009] to the REACH Regulation. |
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| | | | | | | Life Sciences: New Strategy to Promote Innovation
On 2 July 2025, in a Communication, the Commission will present a new strategy for the promotion of life sciences in Europe. Life sciences encompasses a broad range of disciplines that are dedicated to the study of organisms and life processes, including biology, medicine, medical technology and bioinformatics. Research results have a wide range of applications beyond the medical sector, for example in the development of new materials and production techniques in industry. With its Life Sciences Strategy, the Commission is aiming to secure Europe's global leadership in this cross-sectoral field. To this end, proposals will be formulated for removing barriers to innovation, particularly when it comes to the translation of inventions into scalable business models. The hurdles likely to be addressed are regulatory complexity, fragmented funding channels and specific market entry barriers affecting new products.
Critical Raw Materials and Pharmaceuticals: Stockpiling Strategy
On 8 July 2025, the Commission will present a Communication on a strategy for reducing risks to the supply of critical raw materials and pharmaceuticals by means of EU-internal stockpiling. This aims to ensure that the EU is better prepared for future supply crises, for example as a result of natural disasters, pandemics or political conflicts. The Communication addresses both private and public forms of stockpiling. Better coordination aims to prevent competition between Member States in the acquisition of goods, which could exacerbate shortages in the event of a crisis. Specifically, proposals are expected on the integration of national stockpiling strategies and the introduction of joint voluntary procurement measures as well as on financial support for stockpiling from EU funds. The Commission regards the strategy as a key measure for achieving the goal of open strategic autonomy. |
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| | | | | | | Age Verification: More Online Safety for Minors
In July 2025, the EU Commission will introduce a mobile age verification app. The app is intended as a temporary solution for proving a user's age until digital wallets ("EU Digital Identity Wallets") are available in all Member States. According to the revised eIDAS Regulation ((EU) 2024/1183, see cepPolicyBrief), Member States must make such wallets available to their citizens by no later than the end of 2026. The Commission will use the app to support efforts to establish a standardised European age verification solution. Such a solution will aim to support efforts by Member States to enforce legal age restrictions. This involves, for example, restricting minors from having access to certain online content (e.g. pornography, gambling). |
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| | | | | | | | The EU Commission asks decision-makers and interested parties from civil society for their opinion on European policy proposals. Here is our short-list of the most important consultations: |
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| | | Securities Transactions: Agreement on Shorter Settlement Cycle ("T+1")
For more than 10 years, the EU Regulation on Central Securities Depositories (EU) No. 909/2014 (see cepPolicyBrief) has stipulated that certain securities transactions in the EU must be settled no later than two business days after the date on which the transaction was concluded ("T+2"). According to the Commission, transactions worth over €4 trillion are carried out every day by so-called central securities depositories. Central securities depositories are companies that settle securities transactions, maintain central securities accounts and handle the initial booking of securities. In February 2025, following the move by numerous jurisdictions in recent years to shorten the securities settlement cycle to a period of one business day after the trade date (e.g. USA, China, India, Canada), the Commission also presented a proposal to shorten the settlement cycle [COM(2025) 38]. This aims to prevent possible competitive disadvantages for the EU on the capital markets and avoid misalignment with other jurisdictions. On 18 June 2025, the European Parliament and the Council reached a provisional agreement in trilogue negotiations. The period between concluding and settling a trade will be shortened to one business day ("T+1"). This will apply to all transactions in transferable securities - such as shares and bonds - that are executed on EU trading venues. There will, however, be exemptions for certain so-called securities financing transactions (SFTs). The new "T+1" rules will apply from 11 October 2027. The European Parliament and the Council still have to formally adopt the provisional agreement. |
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| | | CMDI Reform: Agreement on the EU Legal Framework for Crisis Management and Deposit Insurance
On June 25, 2025, the European Parliament and the Council reached a political agreement on the revision of the EU legal framework for crisis management and deposit insurance (CMDI). The Commission had already presented a total of three legislative proposals in April 2023. It proposed to revise the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD), the Single Resolution Mechanism Regulation (SRMR) and the Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive (DGSD, see also cepPolicyBrief). The legal framework is part of the Commission's efforts to implement a banking union in the EU. It is intended to make it easier to deal with bank failures. Losses should primarily be borne by shareholders and creditors, while depositors and taxpayers should be better protected.
Parliament and Council negotiators have now agreed that smaller banks should in future have easier access to the resources of the existing national resolution funds, the Single Resolution Fund (SRF) and deposit guarantee funds in the event of a crisis in order to finance a resolution or orderly market exit. However, strict conditions are to apply. First and foremost, own loss buffers (Minimum Requirement for Own Funds and Eligible Liabilities, MREL) must be used. Furthermore, the resolution option is to be used more frequently for small and medium-sized banks in future, at least if this does not jeopardize financial stability or depositor protection. It was also agreed that the deposit guarantee schemes would be given priority for repayment in the event of insolvency or resolution. Then it would be the turn of private depositors, SMEs and small public institutions. In future, deposits arising from real estate transactions are also to be protected. These are to be protected for at least 500,000 euros and up to 2.5 million euros. Finally, the Member States can use financial resources from the deposit guarantee funds both preventively and for so-called alternative measures. This is intended to prevent bank failures in advance or ensure that depositors have access to their funds at an early stage.
The political agreement is only provisional so far. There is still technical work to be done on the legislative acts. The agreement must then be formally adopted by both the Council and the European Parliament. |
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| | | | | | The EU Commission asks decision-makers and interested parties from civil society for their opinion on European policy proposals. Here is our short-list of the most important consultations: |
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| | Digitalisation | New Technologies |
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| AI Act: Consultation Launched on the Categorisation of High-Risk AI
On 6 June 2025, as part of its digital strategy, the European Commission launched a stakeholder consultation on the practical implementation of the AI Act’s rules on high-risk AI systems. The feedback will be incorporated into the guidelines to be presented by the new AI Office by the beginning of 2026. The background to this is the AI Act (Reg (EU) 2024/1689), which has been in force since 1 August 2024 and will give rise to binding obligations for so-called high-risk AI from 2 August 2026. Among other things, such systems must demonstrate risk management, high-quality data, full documentation, human oversight and a conformity assessment. Breaches may be subject to penalties of up to €35 million or seven percent of global turnover. The Consultation is divided into five sections ranging from the classification of safety-relevant components (Art. 6 (1) in conjunction with Annex I) and the scope of Annex III through to value chain obligations (Art. 25). According to Art. 6 (5) AI Act, the Commission must submit practical examples by no later than 2 February 2026, which can be used to identify which AI systems are considered high-risk or not high-risk. The current survey is intended to obtain empirical evidence and concrete empirical values from the business world. There is still currently a great deal of uncertainty as to what proportion of applications will be categorised as high-risk under the AI Act - several estimates vary widely. Without precise guidelines, there is therefore a risk of either under-regulation or a competitive disadvantage for European SMEs. The aim will therefore be to make the guidelines more application-oriented, for example via clear positive/negative lists or sector-specific benchmarks.
The submission period for opinions ends on 18 July 2025.
Go to Consultation |
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| | | | Information Technology | Digital Economy |
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| Retention of Data: EU Launches New Attempt
The Commission is considering reintroducing data retention rules at EU level and, following the Call for Evidence launched in May and already completed, has also now launched a public Consultation which started on 20 June 2025. In the EU Communication "ProtectEU - a European Internal Security Strategy" [COM(2025) 148, cepAdhoc], published on 1 April 2025, the EU Commission announced its intention to present a "Roadmap setting out the way forward on lawful and effective access to data for law enforcement" before the end of 2025 and to prepare an "impact assessment with a view to updating rules on data retention at EU level". The Commission presented this Roadmap on 24 June 2025. The Commission criticises the fact that it is currently difficult for police and judicial authorities to gain access to certain non-content data such as subscriber information, IP addresses and metadata, e.g. location, time and duration of a message processed by providers of electronic communications services. This can make it more difficult to effectively combat and prosecute criminal offences. Some Member States have already established national rules on data retention. However, the Commission points to a lack of harmonisation of the requirements which is giving rise to high costs and obstacles for providers operating across borders. The Commission also points out that the requirements often only apply to traditional telecommunications providers, and not to communications providers offering their services via the internet, even though the latter are being used more and more frequently.
The Commission wants to find out, by way of an impact assessment, which measures would be suitable for data retention at EU level while respecting fundamental rights to the protection of personal data and privacy. In addition to non-binding measures (e.g. improving cooperation between authorities and providers of electronic communications services, guidelines on minimum retention periods for subscriber data and IP addresses), it also intends to consider legislative measures (e.g. mandatory retention and access obligations for all service providers covered by the European Electronic Communications Code (EECC)).
The results of the Consultation will be incorporated into an impact assessment, which the Commission - contrary to the original plan in the ProtectEU Communication - will now present in the first quarter of 2026.
The submission period for opinions ends on 12 September 2025.
Go to Consultation |
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| | | | | Digital Networks Act: Future of the Connectivity Sector and Connectivity Infrastructure
In February 2024, the European Commission published a White Paper [COM(2024) 81, see cepPolicyBrief] to initiate an in-depth debate on the future of the European connectivity sector and European connectivity infrastructure. In the White Paper, the Commission also announced the presentation of regulatory measures under a so-called "Digital Networks Act". When submitting its work programme for 2025, the Commission committed to presenting the Digital Networks Act in the fourth quarter of 2025.
On 6 June 2025, the Commission launched a Consultation on the Digital Networks Act, in which it specified its plans in more detail. It wants to incentivise market players to innovate and invest in advanced connectivity and promote the establishment of an ecosystem of connectivity and data processing infrastructure. More specifically, the Commission wants to reduce existing reporting obligations by up to 50% and remove further regulatory burdens, focus on affordability in relation to universal service obligations, merge together various EU legal acts into the Digital Networks Act, simplify the rules on authorisations, harmonise security and law enforcement requirements across the EU, further harmonise the rules on end-user rights, strengthen the peer review procedure for radio spectrum authorisation, extend the licence period for radio frequencies and facilitate their renewal, ensure a level playing field for satellite constellations used to access the EU market, empower national regulators and BEREC to work towards more effective cooperation between the players in the connectivity ecosystem, ensure greater clarity of the open internet rules with regard to innovative services, adapt the measures on asymmetric network access and, if necessary, maintain these only as a form of safeguard, introduce harmonised access products across the EU to be imposed as a standard measure on operators with significant market power in the event of competition problems, establish measures to accelerate the switch-off of copper networks and set a standardised EU-wide deadline for copper switch-off, while remaining open to exceptions, and where appropriate, enhance the responsibilities and competences of BEREC, the BEREC Office and the Radio Spectrum Policy Group (RSPG). The Commission now wants feedback on its plans as part of the Consultation.
The submission period for opinions ends on 11 July 2025.
Go to Consultation
Call Termination: Commission Reviews Termination Charges
On 13 June 2025, the Commission launched a consultation on call termination charges. According to Directive (EU) 2018/1972 (see cepPolicyBrief), the Commission must set a standard EU-wide maximum mobile termination rate and a standard EU-wide maximum fixed-network termination rate. Network operators charge each other such termination fees for the delivery of calls to their respective networks. When it adopted Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/654, in December 2020, the Commission limited the charges to 0.2 cents per minute (termination rate for mobile calls) and 0.07 cents per minute (termination rate for fixed-network calls). As part of the consultation, the Commission now wants feedback on the effectiveness of the termination rates and on development of the termination markets. The Commission then intends to revise the aforementioned Delegated Regulation.
The submission period for opinions ends on 16 September 2025.
Go to Consultation
Electronic Communication: Revision of the Markets Recommendation
On 17 June 2025, the EU Commission launched a Consultation on the revision of the Recommendation on relevant markets in the electronic communications sector ("Markets Recommendation"). The Markets Recommendation defines all those markets in the electronic communications sector that fulfil the requirements for ex-ante sector-specific regulation. The Electronic Communications Code [Directive (EU) 2018/1972, see cepPolicyBrief] sets out the objective of gradually reducing ex ante sector-specific regulation as competition on the markets develops and ensuring that electronic communications are only subject to competition law. The Commission regularly reviews whether those markets that are currently subject to ex ante regulation still require it. The Commission is now planning to adapt the Markets Recommendation to take account of significant market and technological developments. This includes the expansion of 5G networks and the growing deployment of fibre optic networks. The Consultation aims to help the Commission decide whether the list of relevant markets should be revised.
The submission period for opinions ends on 17 September 2025.
Go to Consultation
Gigabit Infrastructure Act (GIA): Consultation on EU Guidance
The Gigabit Infrastructure Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1309, GIA) came into force as from 11 May 2024 and becomes operative on 12 November 2025. The law aims to establish and expand very high-capacity grids in the EU as quickly and cost-effectively as possible. A central measure of the GIA is to promote the shared use of existing physical infrastructure. "Physical infrastructure" principally refers to the components of a network that are intended to support other network components (e.g. transmission lines, masts, conduits, distribution boxes and antenna systems). A central article of the GIA - Article 3 - regulates access to such physical infrastructure that is owned or controlled by network operators, public bodies or certain private owners. The article allows the Commission - after consulting stakeholders - to provide guidance on the application of the article by way of guidelines. Among other things, the Commission wants to use the guidelines to contribute to fair and reasonable conditions for access to physical infrastructure and to facilitate agreements on access to physical infrastructure between interested parties. As part of a Consultation, which the Commission launched on 17 June 2025, the feedback from which will also serve as input for the "Digital Network Act" that has been announced for the fourth quarter of 2025, the Commission now intends to consult stakeholders on the development of the aforementioned guidelines.
The submission period for opinions ends on 17 September 2025.
Go to Consultation
Fair Use Policy: Retail Prices for Calls and Text Messages
According to Regulation (EU) 2015/2120, since mid-May 2019, retail prices for regulated intra-EU communications may not exceed certain upper limits. Calls are capped at 19 cents per minute and text messages at 6 cents per text message (excluding VAT in both cases). The provision applies to all domestic calls and text messages made from the home EU country to another EU country and should not be confused with roaming (i.e. calls made in and text messages sent from other EU countries). Under the Regulation, from January 2029, providers can no longer charge consumers different retail prices for domestic communications and intra-EU communications. This applies provided that the Commission has laid down technical rules on safeguards by 30 June 2028. These safeguards relate to issues such as fair use and combating fraud. Notwithstanding this, providers can also comply earlier, on a voluntary basis, with the obligation not to charge different retail prices, subject to a fair use policy. The above-mentioned price caps will not then apply to these providers. By way of a Consultation, the Commission is now seeking views from stakeholders on a draft implementing regulation to address the issue of fair use. The Commission intends to adopt the implementing regulation before the end of this year, probably in the 4th quarter of 2025.
The submission period for opinions ends on 21 July 2025.
Go to Consultation |
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| | | | | Savings and Investments Union I: Recommendation on Savings and Investment Accounts
On 10 June 2025, the EU Commission launched a Consultation regarding a Recommendation on savings and investment accounts. The Recommendation forms part of its strategy to establish a Savings and Investments Union [COM(2025) 124, see cepDossier]. As early as March 2025, it announced the development of a European concept for savings and investment accounts or products based on existing best practices, as well as the presentation of a recommendation on the tax treatment of such accounts. The Commission is using the Consultation to find out what features savings and investment accounts or products need to have in order to be seen as simple and effective. Specifically, it wants to know what advantages and disadvantages are associated with the various features - e.g. easy digital access, eligibility for subsidies, tax treatment, incentives to open such accounts.
The Recommendation on savings and investment accounts announced for the third quarter of 2025 has several objectives. Firstly, it is intended to promote the participation of small investors in the capital markets. Secondly, it aims to help consumers to invest a greater proportion of their savings in the capital markets instead of keeping, as is currently the case, over 30% of their savings in the form of cash and deposits. And thirdly, it aims to support liquidity on the European capital markets and help to ensure that the capital markets are increasingly available as a source of financing for companies.
The submission period for opinions ends on 8 July 2025.
Go to Consultation
Savings and Investments Union II: Strengthening Private and Occupational Pension Schemes
On 13 June 2025, the EU Commission launched a Consultation on strengthening private and occupational pension provision in the EU. The Commission already announced several measures in this regard on 19 March 2025 when it presented its strategy for establishing a Savings and Investments Union [COM(2025) 124, see cepDossier]. For example, it intends to revise the Directive on the activities and supervision of institutions for occupational retirement provision ((EU) 2016/2341, IORP Directive, see cepPolicyBrief) and the Regulation on a Pan-European Private Pension Product ((EU) 2019/1238, PEPP Regulation, see cepPolicyBrief). It also intends to issue recommendations on the implementation of auto enrolment mechanisms, pension tracking systems and pension dashboards.
In preparation for presenting the package of initiatives to strengthen occupational and private pension provision, the Commission is using the Consultation to obtain feedback from stakeholders on the envisaged measures. These are aimed in particular at increasing participation in occupational and private pension schemes and providing citizens with tools to help them keep track of their pension entitlements.
The Commission intends to present its proposals for revision of the two EU laws and the aforementioned recommendations in the 4th quarter.
The submission period for opinions ends on 29 August 2025.
Go to Consultation
Savings and Investments Union III: Adjustments to the EU Securitisation Framework
On 17 June 2025, the EU Commission published a package of measures on revision of the EU securitisation framework. Under a conventional securitisation, a large number of receivables from one or more lenders - such as loan receivables from a bank or trade receivables from a company - are pooled and then converted into tradable securities. These can then be acquired by institutional investors. The package of measures, which is an element of the EU strategy to establish a Savings and Investments Union [COM(2025) 124, see cepDossier], involves the revision of both the existing Securitisation Regulation (EU) 2017/2402 [COM(2025) 826] and the Capital Requirements Regulation No. 575/2013 [COM(2025) 825], which is relevant to banks.
The Commission also intends to make changes to Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61 relating to the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) for banks and has also submitted a draft. The LCR determines the amount of liquid assets that a bank needs in order to cover short-term liquidity requirements. With the amendment, the Commission wants to increase the eligibility of securitisations for inclusion in the LCR. The Commission has now also launched a Consultation on this specific draft amendment to the Delegated Regulation on the LCR. In July 2025, the Commission also intends to amend Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/35 on the Solvency II Directive in order to make it easier for insurance companies to access the securitisation markets. There will probably be a consultation on this as well.
The submission period for opinions ends on 15 July 2025.
Go to Consultation
ESMA: Simplification of Supervisory Reporting
On 23 June 2025, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) launched a consultation on the simplification of supervisory reporting requirements applicable to financial sector participants. The aim is to enhance the efficiency of reporting obligations and reduce costs. At the same time, this should neither compromise transparency nor jeopardise effective oversight. The consultation centres on reporting requirements that are enshrined in various EU financial market regulations. These include, most notably, the Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation [(EU) No. 600/2014, MiFIR], the Regulation on OTC derivatives, central counterparties and trade repositories [(EU) No. 648/2012, EMIR], the Regulation on transparency of securities financing transactions and of reuse [(EU) 2015/2365, SFRT] and the Regulation on wholesale energy market integrity and transparency [(EU) No. 1227/2011, REMIT]. As part of the consultation, the Commission is seeking feedback on ways to simplify, better integrate and streamline supervisory reporting. In particular, ESMA would like to receive opinions on whether (a) existing overlaps in reporting obligations should be eliminated without changing the existing reporting channels or whether (b) a unified reporting template should be created to replace the existing reporting channels. ESMA will present a final report at the beginning of 2026 and decide on the next steps.
The submission period for opinions ends on 19 September 2025.
Go to Consultation |
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| | | | | | cepStudy: State Aid for Clean Technologies in the EU |
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| | | Europe's green transformation is stalling, partly because financial support lacks appropriate focus. The Centrum für Europäische Politik criticises the fact that Member States are favouring standard projects and traditional instruments in their state aid policies. As a result, important future technologies such as hydrogen or CO2 storage are being neglected, which means that the green transformation remains stuck in well-trodden paths and is less innovative.
Go to cepStudy |
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| | | | cepAdhoc: EU Trade Diplomacy in Africa |
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| | | China is building roads, power grids and data centres. Russia is exporting weapons and exerting political influence. And Europe? It talks about values but often delivers too little. The Centrum für Europäische Politik (cep) warns that The EU risks losing Africa as a strategic partner if it does not finally align its trade policy with geopolitical realities.
Go to cepAdhoc |
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| | | | | | The Rise of the Future: What Prospects for Science, Research and the Public? |
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| Around the world, investment in foresight and futures literacy is booming. From Dubai to Arizona, governments and institutions are building the skills and labs to anticipate what's next - and to shape it. Meanwhile, Europe is lagging behind.
Go to the article |
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| | | | | At the EU summit, Commission President von der Leyen proposed - only in very vague terms - the launch of a new Europe-led version of the WTO. What doesn't sound like a bad idea at first actually turns out to be a bit rash. Enforcing rules requires power. The so-called "Brussels effect" came about when EU rules were adopted voluntarily by other countries; it made sense to adopt EU standards given the EU's industrial dominance. Before the EU starts trying to recreate the "Brussels effect", it must regain its lost leadership in technology and innovation.
Yours,
Henning Vöpel |
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