The investment conversation around crypto has transitioned from questioning the survival of cryptocurrencies to discussing efficient allocation strategies. Most notably, institutional investors are moving on from testing the waters with bitcoin to seeking diversified exposure to the broad crypto market.

With a total market cap of over $3 trillion, cryptocurrencies represent approximately 1.5% of the market portfolio of all listed, investable assets that are easily accessible to investors (Bloomberg, WisdomTree, 1/31/2025).

Figure 1: The market portfolio

Source: Bloomberg, WisdomTree. Data as of 31 December 2024. Market caps are shown in USD billion.

In2024, institutional investors started to recognize that the market-neutral position for multi-asset portfolios involves investing approximately 1.5% in cryptocurrencies, as determined by the market portfolio. They also realized that including cryptocurrencies in diversified multi-asset portfolios can also potentially improve their risk/return profiles.

While allocating approximately 1.5% to cryptocurrencies became a reasonable strategy for investors without a specific investment thesis against the asset class, a question arose as to whether investors should allocate the entire 1.5% to bitcoin or diversify that allocation across multiple cryptocurrencies.

Figure 2: Cryptocurrency market caps

Source: Artemis Terminal, WisdomTree. As of 31 January 2025, using US Dollar market caps.

For background, bitcoin dominates the cryptocurrency market, accounting for 55% of the total market capitalization. The next 19 largest cryptocurrencies collectively make up around 33%, while the remaining 12% is distributed among all other cryptocurrencies.

This distribution has sparked a debate among institutional investors about the optimal approach to crypto investing. Advocates of a focused strategy often champion the idea of investing exclusively in bitcoin. This preference is largely driven by bitcoin's established track record and its perception as a digital store of value akin to gold. Bitcoin’s resilience and historical performance have rendered it an attractive option for those seeking a relatively safer entry into the world of cryptocurrencies.

However, there are also strong proponents of diversification. These investors argue that spreading investments across a basket of cryptocurrencies can harness the growth potential of emerging digital assets, while simultaneously mitigating the risks associated with the volatility of any single cryptocurrency. By diversifying, investors can potentially benefit from the rise of new innovative projects and technologies within the space, aligning their portfolios with the broader developments in the digital economy.

Ultimately, the decision to focus solely on bitcoin or to adopt a diversified investment strategy depends on individual investor preferences, risk tolerance and market outlook. Investors without a strong opinion on the long-term crypto market winners seeking a long-term investment may find a market cap-weighted approach to diversification advantageous. As the space matures, investors will likely seek allocations that evolve over time in tandem with the broader cryptocurrency market.

- Dovile Silenskyte, Director, Digital Assets Research, WisdomTree

Strategy (NASDAQ: MSTR), the SaaS-based business intelligence company formerly known as MicroStrategy that pioneered a bitcoin treasury strategy, is currently trading at a $73 billion market cap, ~1.6x the value of its underlying bitcoin holdings. This so-called “MSTR premium” has caused much misunderstanding, healthy skepticism and even consternation, but with a decade of deep equities experience, we believe that there are three reasons why the MSTR premium is justified. These are particularly valid during periods of rising bitcoin price expectations, as we are in now.

CHART: MSTR’s premium to NAV

Source: MSTR-Tracker.com, GSR

First, Strategy takes on leverage by issuing equity and debt to invest the proceeds into bitcoin, earning the difference between the return on bitcoin and its cost of capital (ie. “carry”). Importantly, Strategy earns this carry not just this year, but also in future years as well, and investors simply present-value this expected future carry and include it in MSTR’s market cap.

In fact, this is a major reason why MSTR’s premium will fluctuate with market expectations of future bitcoin returns. Nevertheless, the first reason MSTR trades at a premium to its BTC holdings is that investors pull future BTC carry to the present.

Second, Strategy monetizes intelligent capital markets issuance for the benefit of shareholders. It accretes value via convertible debt issuance, where it not only gets paid to offer bitcoin-like returns to the bond market, but also for the volatility inherent in its stock as convertible bond arbitrageurs make more money with a more volatile underlying asset. In addition, MSTR issues equity, mostly through at-the-money equity issuance programs, at a premium to book value, which is by definition accretive to shareholders. In fact, issuing equity at twice book value is tantamount to selling $1 for $2, or conversely, buying BTC at 50% off. This is how Strategy was able to generate a 74% increase in the amount of its bitcoin held per share last year, equivalent to 140,630 BTC, or $14 billion of value for shareholders.

Lastly, the entire construct takes advantage of bitcoin and crypto’s nascency, the fact that cryptocurrencies are in secular expansion and that bitcoin’s price has tended to rise over time.

For those not yet convinced, we offer the following thought experiment: If I had a magic bank account with $100 USD in it that paid you a 69% interest rate, how much money would you pay me for that? While the answer may vary from person to person, it is likely much more than $100, meaning that the bank account would trade at a premium to its underlying USD (i.e. NAV).

This is exactly what is happening with MSTR, as it has increased its BTC per share at a 69% annual rate since it began investing in bitcoin in August 2020. This increase in BTC per share (i.e. in-kind yield) is higher during bull markets and lower during bear markets, but it has generally risen over time. And while there is no guarantee that Strategy will continue to increase its BTC per share in the future, MSTR is guiding for a 15%+ increase this year and 6-10% in each of the following two years.

Risks abound, of course — MSTR investors take on basis risk to the price of BTC and the stock tends to move more than bitcoin in both directions. Relatedly, the premium may move up or down in the future, and the stock will likely trade at a discount (i.e., below the value of its bitcoin holdings) during bear markets. But the premium exists because investors believe MSTR will continue to increase the amount of its bitcoin per share in the future, and they are willing to pay up for that now.

CHART: MSTR’s increase in bitcoin per share (i.e. bitcoin yield)

Source: MSTR-Tracker.com, GSR

- Brian Rudik, head of research, GSR

As always, get the latest crypto news from coindesk.com and market updates from coindesk.com/indices.